Tides are the periodic changes in sea level caused primarily by gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and, to a lesser extent, by the Sun, coupled with the Earth's rotation. These gravitational interactions create distinct types of tides:
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Types of Tides
High Tide: This occurs when the sea level reaches its highest point, typically twice a day.
Low Tide: Conversely, low tide happens when the sea level is at its lowest, also occurring twice daily.
Spring Tide: During full moon and new moon phases, when the Sun, Moon, and Earth align, spring tides occur. These result in higher high tides and lower low tides.
Neap Tide: Occurring during the first and third quarters of the moon, neap tides happen when the Sun and Moon are at right angles relative to the Earth. This leads to lower high tides and higher low tides compared to spring tides.
Perigean Spring Tide: When the Moon is closest to the Earth (perigee), exceptionally high and low tides known as perigean spring tides occur.
Apogean Tide: Conversely, apogean tides occur when the Moon is farthest from the Earth (apogee), resulting in slightly lower high tides and higher low tides.
Causes of Tides
Gravitational Pull: The Moon's gravitational force is the primary driver of tides, with the Sun's influence being secondary due to its greater distance from Earth.
Centrifugal Force: Earth's rotation generates a centrifugal force that causes water to bulge on the side opposite the Moon.
Earth's Rotation: This rotation affects the timing and frequency of tides as different regions move into and out of the gravitational bulge.
Alignment of Sun and Moon: When aligned, they produce spring tides, and when at right angles, neap tides, affecting navigation, fishing, coastal management, and natural ecosystems. Understanding these tidal patterns is essential for various maritime and coastal activities.
